Will Be Up in the Middle of Mayqagain
We have all seen them and they are multiplying: robots! From Roombas to Mars Rovers to "Lost in Space", robots are helping united states of america. At Adafruit, the term is #MakeRobotFriend. Robots are an integral part of of society and manufacturing as seen at Amazon and Tesla.
Where practise the robots nosotros know now appointment back to? Allow'south skip the deep history of the word robot and science fiction movies for the moment. Allow's await into some real steel and wheel moving robots from their beginnings in the lab.
Early on work on small, mobile robots was started past researcher William Grey Walter in the late 1940s. His first robots, named Elmer and Elsie, were constructed between 1948 and 1949 (meet them on Youtube here). The robots were often described as tortoises, due to their shape and dull rate of movement, and because they "taught us" virtually the secrets of organization and life. The three-wheeled tortoise robots were capable of finding their way to a recharging station when they ran low on battery power. Walter's robots used analog circuits to mimic brain cells in their "thinking".
The concepts which form the first digital turtle bot (like the tortoises, but more for pedagogy) are credited to Seymour Papert, a applied mathematics professor at MIT. Pariert had studied from 1958 to 1963 with noted kid psychologist Jean Piaget prior to joining MIT. In 1969, Papert wrote that he believed a robot should be seen as a metaphor, an "object-to-think-with", very much an interactive experience rather than something to be but watched.
Papert, Wally Feurzeig, and Cynthia Solomon built on the learning aspect of robots to develop the Logo programming linguistic communication. You can watch Papert hash out the design of Logo and the goals of Logo via Youtube.
But, up to 1969, there was no physical turtle robot. Marvin Minsky, founder of the MIT Bogus Intelligence Laboratory, came to the rescue. Parts were procured from a DoD junkyard by Minsky – he spotted a canister and he thought of turning it into a floor robot. Minsky's parts were fashioned by Tom Callahan into the first wheeled, pen cartoon robot in 1969-70. It was designed to have bear upon sensors, simply ultimately they were too unreliable to use. It had a pen in the eye of its underside and information technology could exist put upward or downwardly and and so the turtle could leave a trace of its path. Later called the "Yellow Turtle", information technology was a tricycle (three wheeled) and uses a "tail" for stability and undercarriage viewability.
Cynthia Solomon posted an early on picture of the Yellow Turtle bot to Youtube. She states by 1970-71 school year, the team had a floor turtle and a display (computer) turtle. The Yellow Turtle and another they built were attached to a computer and controlled from four remote terminals. Sharing the turtle was an of import educational aspect. The computer environment for kids included:
- A programming language designed specifically for children
- A style to write stories
- A way to describe with a programmable object (robot)
- A fashion to take the programmable object (robot) explore an surroundings
- A way to make and play music
Papert describes the education experience on Youtube.
In 1971, MIT lab consultant Mike Paterson introduced the first Logo controlled turtle robot. It had wires that ran from the bot to control information technology. The term "Turtle" for these robots is credited to Patterson.
In 1972, at that place was commercial involvement in turtle robots. Paul Wexelblat built the first wireless turtle robot at the pioneering company Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN) – BBN would effigy prominently in the formation of Arpanet which became the Internet. The BBN turtle robot, named "Irving", was relatively large and looked a bit like a moving dome on the basis. A modest child could even ride around on it. Around the same fourth dimension, Minsky formed General Turtle, Inc. to market "Logo machines" to schools, but that did not accept off and was soon airtight.
Radia Perlman joined the MIT AIL from 1974-76. She created a "button box" which enabled children to control her turtle bot via switches rather than a final. Perlman'due south turtle works were characterized by clear perspex which would be used by several other turtle builders.
The concept of squat robots began to mesh with the introduction of smaller computer chips. The Heath Visitor, famous for educational electronic Heathkits, began work on a self-contained squat robot in 1979. Available in 1982, the HERO used a Motorola 6808 microcontroller and toll $1500 equally a kit (which would be $3800 today). Heath went on to sell 14,000 HERO robots in the 1980s. They too introduced the HERO Jr. ($600), HERO 2000 ($3000), HE-RObot (up to $8000) robots, the afterward one was for the educational market, just merely fifty were made before Heath sought bankruptcy in 2012.
The pic Star Wars came out in 1977 and lo and behold in that location were squat robots. I would not say that R2-D2 is a turtle robot, but the pocket-sized black robot MSE-6 on the Death Star was certainly related to the turtle bots in my view.
With digital electronics shrinking the footprint of all computers, turtle bots followed. Starting in 1983 and through 2011, Valiant built the Valiant turtle robot which could be connected to an Apple IIe computer and programmed in Logo. Watch on Youtube here.
In 1998, Papert collaborated with Lego. This resulted in the Lego Mindstorms series of robotics kits (named after one of Papert'southward books). Not just for building turtle bots (although that was an option!), Mindstorms could build any style of robotic projects.
A fair number of commercial robots today, with the most notable beingness the Roomba, accept a very turtle shape. And Roombas accept been hacked to exist very good programmable turtle robots.
In the last 20 years, hobby electronics and later maker and Open Source companies have offered robot parts and supplies.
Many robotics chassis are in the diminutive turtle shape. Adafruit has a selection of parts simply for robotics projects.
Most often these modern robots differ from the older turtle bots in they exercise not have a pen to draw on newspaper. Only no one says one cannot exist put on past the possessor! For drawing, many plough to the Evil Mad Scientist Axidraw bot which is a lot of fun. Not quite a turtle, merely it can depict extremely well!
Some modernistic companies pay homage to education and turtles, robotturtles.com has a game and ebook.
For today, look to see more educational robot hardware coming out! Adafruit has announced their Crikit robotics board. Perfect for a diversity of robotics tasks. And the Crikit'southward shape harbors a futurity where pocket-sized turtle robots may again roam the halls of homes and classrooms. And there are new fields to explore, from wearables to assisted technologies, which will benefit from inexpensive, piece of cake to use robotics. Go along an centre on Adafruit's social media channels for more on Crickit!
Part two of this mail service will discuss the history of Logo, software drawing, and where we are today.
Experience gratis to talk over your turtle bot remembrances in the comments below and in the Adafruit Discord conversation.
References / more information on Turtle Bot Hardware
1. http://cyberneticzoo.com/cyberneticanimals/1969-the-logo-turtle-seymour-papert-marvin-minsky-et-al-american/
two. http://logothings.wikispaces.com/
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seymour_Papert
4. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Grey_Walter
five. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle_(robot)
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Source: https://blog.adafruit.com/2018/05/03/the-history-of-turtle-bots-part-1-hardware/
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